Outlawing fake news will chill the real news
As trust in the media falls to an all-time low, some have argued that stronger laws need to be put into place. However, as countries like Malaysia have shown, 'fake news' is too slippery a concept to enshrine in law, argues Deakin University's Sandeep Gopalan in this crossposting from The Conversation.
The term “fake news” has gained prominence in recent years thanks to US President Donald Trump’s attacks against the media during the 2016 US election. In 2017, it was one of Collins Dictionary’s 2017 words of the year.
Unsurprisingly, politicians use the fake news label to discredit media stories that portray them in a negative light. And it’s back in the headlines after the largest television company in the US – Sinclair Broadcasting Group – issued a coordinated campaign of scripted warnings about fake news in terms that echo Trump’s sentiments:
The sharing of biased and false news has become all too common on social media … Some members of the media use their platforms to push their own personal bias … This is extremely dangerous to our democracy.
How America’s largest local TV owner turned its news anchors into soldiers in Trump’s war on the media: https://t.co/iLVtKRQycLpic.twitter.com/dMdSGellH3
— Deadspin (@Deadspin) 31 March 2018
Trump tweeted in support of Sinclair’s message, slamming the mainstream media in the process.
So funny to watch Fake News Networks, among the most dishonest groups of people I have ever dealt with, criticize Sinclair Broadcasting for being biased. Sinclair is far superior to CNN and even more Fake NBC, which is a total joke.
— Donald J. Trump (@realDonaldTrump) 2 April 2018
Meanwhile, a new study suggests that actual fake news may have helped Trump to secure the election. Ohio State University researchers found a high statistical association between belief in fake news items and voting in 2016.
Whatever the impact of fake news on election outcomes, some governments are introducing legislation to control the problem. But these laws are more likely to limit free speech, chill the real news, and create unintended consequences.
Public trust in media is low
Trump and other politicians’ attacks mirror widely held suspicions about the media. A recent poll by Monmouth University showed that more than 77% of Americans believed that mainstream media reports fake news. One in three believed this happened regularly, whereas 46% thought it only happened occasionally.
Fake news was defined broadly: 25% thought it referred to wrong facts, whereas 65% believed it also covered editorial decisions and news coverage. 87% of Americans thought interest groups plant fake news on platforms such as Facebook and YouTube. Of concern, 42% believed media reported fake news to push an agenda, and 35% trusted Trump more than CNN.
Australians also have low confidence in the media. According to the 2018 Edelman Trust Barometer, just 32% trust the media – the second lowest score out of the 28 countries surveyed.
New laws take aim at fake news
The congruence of public distrust and politicians’ self-interest has reached an obvious denouement: legislation.
The most egregious of these laws was just passed by the Malaysian Parliament’s Lower House. The Anti-Fake News Act 2018, which imposes jail terms of up to six years, will become an Act after Senate approval. The law defines fake news broadly to include:
…any news, information, data and reports, which is or are wholly or partly false, whether in the form of features, visuals or audio recordings or in any other form capable of suggesting words or ideas.
The law is particularly dangerous because it has extra-territorial application – foreigners can be dealt with “as if the offence was committed” within Malaysia. In other words, it is not just Malaysian journalists who could be locked up – foreign media can also be locked up if Malaysian law enforcement can reach them.
Malaysia is not an isolated instance. The Philippines is considering a similar law. The Irish Parliament is also considering a bill to criminalise the use of bots on social media platforms to promote fake news – such as those thought to have been used by Russia to influence the US election.
India proposed a law that would suspend the accreditation of journalists for fake news, but retracted the order within a day due to a backlash.
Problems with regulating speech
It is unclear if the Malaysian law – and other national variants – is masquerading as an attempt to promote real news when it is actually an attempt at censorship by stealth. Regardless, even assuming good intentions, anti fake news laws are incapable of tackling the menace.
Fake news is a slippery concept. Who decides what is fake? And how do we manage the distinction between facts and opinion? There is no bright-line definition that would provide clarity, and each item has to be assessed on its own. Moreover, not all fake news is harmful – a precondition for regulation.
Regulation would turn judges into fact-checkers for potentially millions of news items or social media posts – an impossible task even without crowded dockets. Replacing judges with bureaucrats might improve efficiency marginally, but would generate a censorship state.
Buttressed with criminal penalties, these laws will chill free speech and substantially diminish the marketplace for ideas. Media outlets will be overly cautious with negative consequences for transparency and accountability. In addition, the laws are unlikely to advance the cause of real news – they have no connection to the incentives for providing truthful information.
The current system is sufficient
Countries committed to free speech should not adopt anti fake news laws. The current legal regime represents a pragmatic compromise. Our system of free speech tolerates the risk of inaccurate news for several reasons.
Firstly, it is difficult to establish intention to fabricate falsehoods and harm, and the causal link between the two. And giving the state tools to police speech is dangerous, with fear alone generating self-censorship. Also, judges and bureaucrats are not experts at separating fake from real news – public debate in the marketplace of ideas is more efficient. Finally, modern news does not stop at geographic boundaries, and national law cannot solve a transnational problem.
This does not mean that social media platforms should be free to spread falsehoods and compromise elections. Some options for preventing the proliferation of fake news that could crowd out real news include accreditation to distinguish legitimate news outlets, liability for search engines and distributors where actual harm and intent to fabricate can be established in private litigation, and accessible remedies for defamation. However, such regulation goes well beyond the scope of current anti fake news laws.
Sandeep Gopalan is pro vice-chancellor (Academic Innovation) and professor of Law at Deakin University. This article was originally published on The Conversation. Read the original article.
… and how do you define “fake news”? Where do you draw the line?
Is the city-based reporter who drops in for five minutes to do a stand-up at a fatal car crash in a country town and uses the cliché “The whole town is in mourning for this much-loved husband and father” when, for all s/he knows only twenty people in a town of twenty-thousand actually knew the guy and he used to beat his wife and kids after spending his evenings getting drunk at the club (which is how he came to wrap his car around a tree in the first place).
Or how about the (concocted) pool/stringer story about a dying country town possibly bidding for a low-level nuclear waste facility? Channel 7 used four of the supplied vox-pops giving a range of views, while ABC News – devoting the same screen-time to vox pops – only used the two that were most vehemently opposed to suit the ABC news department’s anti-nuclear agenda.
Are they “fake news”?
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This article is about protecting something – integrity – which frankly no longer exists. I am not happy about the idea of legislating to curb a journalists ability to do their job, but considering almost nobody is doing any journalism any more and the vast majority of people with that job title are writing unethical click-bait – this seems like an attempt to preserve something that’s already gone.
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Not to mention the censored news. Senator Teddy Kennedy wrote a letter to the Kremlin in 1983, asking for their help in toppling Ronald Reagan’s bid for Presidency, by threatening nuclear war.
The letter surfaced in 1991 when Boris Yeltsin opened up the Russian archives.
Not one news outlet reported it. All refused to run it. That’s despite it being treason, and would have sent Kennedy to jail for life. The #fakenews media are nothing new. They’ve been at it for decades.
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